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A hard ceiling
Maximum weight is the maximum authorized weight of the aircraft and everything in it, as given in its type certificate data and POH/AFM.
Some aircraft list separate maximums: ramp (for taxi), takeoff, and landing. Each is a limit for that moment of the flight.
HX-4 Trainer: maximum takeoff 2,450 lb, maximum landing 2,450 lb.
Empty weight 1,665Payload 445Fuel 156.0184 lb useful load left
Maximum 2,450 lb · useful load 785 lb